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ischemia (ischemia)

= reduced blood flow through a Organ District, as a result of reduced blood supply.

causes









local causes General causes

narrowing or complete blockage of an artery


hypovolemia

consequences: depend on:

(a) duration [3 - 5 min. ischemia has no harmful effect min> 5. are to follow recorded according to fabric]

(b) primary sensitivity of the tissue [specialized cells or organ tissues holds 1 - from 1.5 hours ischemia, skin tissue for several hours]

(c) vascular architecture [is possible, a collateral circulation ?; dual blood supply is available;? are functional end arteries exist]

infarction localized necrosis of a body part ...? verurscht ligated by blood flow.



  1. ischemic infarction



    • blaser infarction


    • by arterial occlusion (coagulation necrosis)


  2. hemorrhagic infarction



    • red infarct


    • by venous occlusion (blood pressure into the body)



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inflammation

= sum of all reactions of the connective tissue prior to tissue damage. Inflammation is a vital reaction, ie bound to life.

causes


  1. busy organisms [fungi, worms, bacteria, viruses ,...]


  2. allergens [foreign allergens, Car allergens]


  3. physical and chemical stimuli [poisons, Radiation ,...]


  4. foreign bodies [objects tumors ,...]

expiry of an inflammatory response

impairment (Functional laesa)

injurious action of a substance



tissue damage (Alteration)


Local reaction of the organism


Transient vasoconstriction the arterioles ("initial ischemia")


vasodilation of arterioles and formation of an active hyperemia (increased blood circulation by 10-fold)

REDNESS (rubor) / / WARMING (Calor)


enlargement of the lumen of the capillaries and venules


exudation (plasma leakage into the interstitium

)

SWELLING (tumor)


increasing the viscosity of the blood

(irritation of the nerve terminal)

PAIN (Dolor)



emigration of leukocytes from the vessels into the damaged Tissue ("chemotaxis" = attraction of leukocytes


phagocytosis of bacteria (or the like.) And tissue debris



regression with resorption of

exudate without tissue destruction

"restitution ad integrum" =

complete cure


progression in the continuance of

harmful effect / inflammatory response


proliferation

= formation of granulation tissue with capillary buds



scarring

(regression of the capillaries)

Common symptoms



  • leukocytosis with left shift


  • increase in immunoglobulins


  • fever as a sign of metabolic increase


  • subjective fatigue and malaise

influences on the course of the inflammatory Reaction



  • type of inflammation caused


  • duration of the injurious effect


  • responsiveness and disease resistance of the affected organism

forms of inflammation

first serous inflammation



  • abundant protein-rich exudate


  • "serous catarrh "


  • much mucus

second fibrinous inflammation



  • accumulation of exudate with Fibrinmaterial


  • at (mucus) skin


  • formation of grayish-yellow pseudomembrane on the inflammatory area (eg diphtheria)

third purulent inflammation



  • little exudate


  • enriched [thereby placing a proteolytic enzyme which leads to liquefaction of tissue] with leukocytes are going to be essentially fatty


  • yellowish cream-like texture